Zeroth-order design report for the next linear collider. Volume 1

This Zeroth Order Design Report (ZDR) for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) has been completed as a feasibility study for a TeV-scale linear collider that incorporates a room-temperature accelerator powered by rf microwaves at 11.424 GHz--similar to that presently used in the SLC, but at four times the rf frequency. The purpose of this study is to examine the complete systems of such a collider, to understand how the parts fit together, and to make certain that every required piece has been included. The design presented here is not fully engineered in any sense, but to be assured that the NLC can be built, attention has been given to a number of critical components and issues that present special challenges. More engineering and development of a number of mechanical and electrical systems remain to be done, but the conclusion of this study is that indeed the NLC is technically feasible and can be expected to reach the performance levels required to perform research at the TeV energy scale. Volume one covers the following: the introduction; electron source; positron source; NLC damping rings; bunch compressors and prelinac; low-frequency linacs and compressors; main linacs; design and dynamics; and RF systems for main linacs

Emittance and trajectory control in the main linacs of the NLC

The main linacs of the next generation of linear colliders need to accelerate the particle beams to energies of up to 750 GeV while maintaining very small emittances. This paper describes the main mechanisms of static emittance growth in the main linacs of the Next Linear Collider (NLC). The authors present detailed simulations of the trajectory and emittance control algorithms that are foreseen for the NLC. They show that the emittance growth in the main linacs can be corrected down to about 110%. That number is significantly better than required for the NLC design luminosity

LIAR -- A new program for the modeling and simulation of linear accelerators with high gradients and small emittances

Linear accelerators are the central components of the proposed next generation of linear colliders. They need to provide acceleration of up to 750 GeV per beam while maintaining very small normalized emittances. Standard simulation programs, mainly developed for storage rings, do not meet the specific requirements for high energy linear accelerators. The authors present a new program LIAR (LInear Accelerator Research code) that includes wakefield effects, a 4D coupled beam description, specific optimization algorithms and other advanced features. Its modular structure allows to use and to extend it easily for different purposes. They present examples of simulations for SLC and NLC

Zeroth-order design report for the next linear collider. Volume 2

This Zeroth-Order Design Report (ZDR) for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) has been completed as a feasibility study for a TeV-scale linear collider that incorporates a room-temperature accelerator powered by rf microwaves at 11.424 GHz--similar to that presently used in the SLC, but at four times the rf frequency. The purpose of this study is to examine the complete systems of such a collider, to understand how the parts fit together, and to make certain that every required piece has been included. The ``design`` presented here is not fully engineered in any sense, but to be assured that the NLC can be built, attention has been given to a number of critical components and issues that present special challenges. More engineering and development of a number of mechanical and electrical systems remain to be done, but the conclusion of this study is that indeed the NLC is technically feasible and can be expected to reach the performance levels required to perform research at the TeV energy scale. Volume II covers the following: collimation systems; IP switch and big bend; final focus; the interaction region; multiple bunch issues; control systems; instrumentation; machine protection systems; NLC reliability considerations; NLC conventional facilities. Also included are four appendices on the following topics: An RF power source upgrade to the NLC; a second interaction region for gamma-gamma, gamma-electron; ground motion: theory and measurement; and beam-based feedback: theory and implementation

Recent electron-cloud simulation results for the main damping rings of the NLC and TESLA linear colliders

In the beam pipe of the Main Damping Ring (MDR) of the Next Linear Collider (NLC), ionization of residual gasses and secondary emission give rise to an electron-cloud which stabilizes to equilibrium after few bunch trains. In this paper, we present recent computer simulation results for the main features of the electron cloud at the NLC and preliminary simulation results for the TESLA main damping rings, obtained with the code POSINST that has been developed at LBNL, and lately in collaboration with SLAC, over the past 7 years. Possible remedies to mitigate the effect are also discussed. We have recently included the possibility to simulate different magnetic field configurations in our code including solenoid, quadrupole, sextupole and wiggler

A damping ring design for the SLAC Next Linear Collider

In this paper, we describe the design of the main damping rings and the positron pre-damping ring for the SLAC Next Linear Collider, a future linear collider with a center-of-mass energy of 0.5 to 1.5 TeV. The rings will operate at an energy of 2 GeV with a maximum repetition rate of 180 Hz. The normalized extracted beam emittances are {gamma}{epsilon}{sub x} = 3 mm-mrad and {gamma}{epsilon}{sub y} = 0.03 mm-mrad. To provide the necessary damping, the rings must damp multiple trains of bunches. Thus, the beam current is large, roughly 1 A. We will present the optical layout, magnet designs, and RF systems, along with the dynamic aperture and required alignment tolerances; collective effects will be discussed in another paper

Multi-bunch energy compensation in the NLC bunch compressor

The task of the NLC bunch compressor is to reduce the length of each bunch in a train of 90 bunches from 4 mm, at extraction from the damping ring, to about 100 {mu}m, suitable for injection into the X-band main linac. This task is complicated by longitudinal long-range wake fields and the multi-bunch beam loading in the various accelerating sections of the compressor. One possible approach to compensate the multi-bunch beam loading is to add two RF systems with slightly different frequencies ({prime} {Delta}f{prime} scheme) to each accelerating section, as first proposed by Kikuchi. This paper summarizes the choice of parameters for three such compensating sections, and presents simulation results of combined single- and multi-bunch dynamics for four different NLC versions. The multi-bunch energy compensation is shown to be straightforward and its performance to be satisfactory

Electron-cloud effects in transport lines of a normal conducting linear collider

In the transport lines of a normal conducting linear collider, the long positron bunch train can generate an electron cloud which can then amplify intra-train offsets. This is a transient effect which is similar to the electron-cloud driven coupled bunch instabilities in a positron storage ring. In this paper, we study this phenomenon analytically. Some criteria on the critical cloud density with respect to given collider parameters are discussed. © 2005 IEEE

Alignment tolerance of accelerating structures and corrections for future linear colliders

The alignment tolerance of accelerating structures is estimated by tracking simulations. Both single-bunch and multi-bunch effects are taken into account. Correction schemes for controlling the single and multi-bunch emittance growth in the case of large misalignment are also tested by simulations